Richard A. Schmuck Lewinian Lessons for Action Researches: Traveling the Second Path

Abstrakt

I explain how the early American Lewinians (1939-1947) took one of two
overlapping intellectual paths. Those, on the first path, were theory-centred, hypothesis-
testing experimental social psychologists. Those, on the second path, used action
research in fostering planned change to build healthy communities. I summarize the
profound lessons for action research taught by the second group.
Adhering to Lewin’s maxim, “No action without research, no research without action”,
second path Lewinians designed interventions to alter concrete group structures,
leadership patterns, and cultural norms with the aim of solving actual social
problems. They understood planed change to be an integration research, training,
and action; and they taught that the management of actual change would depend
on: data-based diagnosis, social-skill training, and action plans with measurable outcomes
in specific social situations.
I elaborate on: (1) the research methods they developed and used; (2) their belief in
cooperative teamwork and democratic relations; (3) the bridges they build to link social
psychologist, and educators, and community-action leaders; (4) the regional and
local social systems they created to carry out action research; (5) the restraining forces
they faced inside university academy and the communities in which they worked;
the action research steps and cycles they designed; and (6) the complex three-step
design they used for training local action researchers.
I finish by applying the Lewinian lessons from their Connecticut training in community
relations of 60 years ago to contemporary Poland. I describe some suggestions for
the Kurt Lewin Center for Psychological Research in Bydgoszcz about action research
in Poland today.